|
body |
一、 非谓语动词
近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：
1、非谓语动词考查特点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
All flights ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in.(1996.1)
A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6)
这类题涉及三个方面：
谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？
即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？
不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：
(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。
(2)对固定结构的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed
①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。
4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择
做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：
(1)状语类别的判断
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系
根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。
(3)非谓语动词的否定形式
not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。
(4) 独立成分
有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择
做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.(1998.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到
感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。
regard类后面的宾语补足语
with独立分句后面的
常用动词后面的宾语补足语。
6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择
表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel, seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。
7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择
to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如③。
8) 分词前连词的使用
分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况
(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。
(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。
9) 非谓语动词的体
非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。
动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。
不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse
从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。
③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1)
A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered
该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。
10）动名词复合结构
动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构：
① _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.(1999.1)
A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated C. The girl's being educated D. The girl to be educated
本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。
② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance
介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型，所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。
③ I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make (2000.1)
Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案自然是B。
④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6)
A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep
本题与上一题类似，答案是A。
2．非谓语动词解题策略
1）正确判断非谓语动词
这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，即名词或主格代词 + 分词。
All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6)
句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。
____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6)
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
做状语的可以是从句，但B的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符，不表目的，C不对，不表将来，独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式，答案为A。
4） 判断动名词复合结构的方式
主语位置上，或动词、介词后的"名词代词 + 非谓语动词"，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是"名词 + 定语。请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D. be left
insist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求"开着窗子睡觉"，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted
消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是"被录取的孩子"，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。
3） 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系
正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词；
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词；
如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。
这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌握其更细的规则。如：
(1)做定语时
做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所构成的大多为固定短语，四级考试一般不涉及。主要考查分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1)
A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done
③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.(1998.1)
A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had
④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite
做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式：
"doing 结构":分词与中心词之间是主谓关系,表示正在进行,或状态。如③
"being done结构"：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动和正在进行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.
"to be done结构"：不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示将来和被动，如①。
"done结构"：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动、完成或一般，如②④。
"to do结构"：不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系，表示将来。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.
完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。
(2)做状语
做状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。大体结构有：
"doing 结构"：分词与句子主语为主谓关系，表示与谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生，或是同时存在的状态。如：
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed
"done结构"：只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词，可以表示完成，可以表示正在进行，也可以表示条件。如：
_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1)
He came in, followed by a group of reporters.
"having done结构"：分词与句子主语是主谓关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。Having. seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.
"having been done结构"：该结构表示完成被动，即分词与句子主语之间是动宾关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.
"to do 结构"：这是不定式结构，在句中可以做目的状语，也可以做结果状语，但不定式动作总是发生在谓语动词之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
表结果时一般为固定结构，如too ...to..., enough to....，或是表示出乎意料的结果，常可加构成only to的结构。如：
I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital.
"being done结构"：该结构表示被动与正在进行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass.
(2)做表语
测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上，所以对于做表语的非谓语动词，主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。做表语的分词一般只有doing和done两种形式。现在分词表示做表语的与主语是主谓关系；过去分词表示做表语的与主语之间是动宾关系。根据使用规律，如果主语是无生命名词，则表语分词为现在分词；如果主语是有生命名词，以过去分词居多，但也可以用现在分词，但意思不同。如：
How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望)
How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望)
可接表语的系动词很多，除be外还有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。
(3)做补足语
一般做宾补的非谓语动词的形式选择与其它成分中的非谓语动词形式选择规则基本相同。 doing结构：分词与宾语构成主谓关系，表正在进行。
When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
done结构：分词与宾语构成动宾关系，表示被动与完成。
Don't get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1)
A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change
to do 结构：不定式表示将来，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。
being done结构：表示被动和正在进行, watch the flag being raised
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1)
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating
to be done结构：用语表示将来与被动，一般用语主谓关系时可用to做宾补的动词后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做宾补。
4） 注意分析非谓语动词做什么状语
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，测试中也常有选择非谓语动词前连词的试题。因此，同学们应注意根据状语与句子间的关系，判断连词的使用。
5） 注意不定式的特殊句式
不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特殊句式，注意这些句式的特点，考试中就会少走一点弯路。如：
have something to do类：
这类结构相当于汉语的连动结构，即"有事要做"，"买东西吃"，"借书看"等。
a room in which to live类：
该类结构是a room to live in 的变体。但如果不熟悉这个结构，考试中则难以决断。如：
You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1)
A. there B. them C. which D. where
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base
the first to do
该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本身做名词用，其后应不定式做定语。
the ability to do
该结构表示，形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。
the need to do
该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。
the way to do
该结构表示，在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定语，应注意记忆，如means, reason, time, pressure, moment。
6） 熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与to加动名词
其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式，只要平时注意积累即可。
prefer doing something to doing something
look forward to doing something
be used to doing something (习惯于做某事)
stick to doing something
object to doing something/ have objection to doing something
be opposed to doing something
admit/confess to doing something
I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
从出题人的心理来看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的对比项，一般答案是to doing something。
7） 分清宾补的类别
(1)感官动词后的宾补可以是
doing, do, done, being done的结构，其中being done 只用于少数动词后面， 如find, smell, feel等。
(2)have somebody do something 让某人做某事
have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事
won't have somebody do something 不许某人做某事
have something done 使某事被做
have something + v-ing 让......一直......
(3)catch, smell, keep, set,等只能接doing的结构,表示主动和正在进行。
(4)leave somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事
leave something undone 使某事只做了一半
leave something to be done 事情有待于解决
leave somebody to do something让某事做某事，表示将来
(5)with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。
with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。
with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找的着。
with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不着。
with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。
8） 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something
不定式动作一般为状态动词，也可是终止性动词，表示与谓语动词同时存在或发生。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something
不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something
不定式动作与谓语动词同时进行
9)熟记哪些动词后接不定式,哪些接动名词,如果两者都可，又有什么差别。
既可接不定式,又可接动名词,用法有别的动词常考的有: forget, remember, regret, mean, try等。
10）注意want/need/require表示"需要"时的特殊句式
want/need/require表"需要"时，后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。
二、 比较级
1． Test Yourself
在我们分析比较级的测试特点探讨其应对策略之前,让我们首先看以下几题。
1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6)
A. are the most three common means B. are the most common three means
C. are the three most common means D. are three the most common means
2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1)
A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us
3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)
A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as
4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6)
A. twice as much protein B. protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much
5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.
A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely
6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1)
A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost
7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1)
A. and B. than C. as D. but
8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1)
A. to be paid more than a month late B. to be paid later than more a month
C. to pay later than a month more D. to pay late more than a month
9) It is reported that ________adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1)
A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of
10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1)
A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as
参考答案：
1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B
2． 比较级测试特点
在四级测试中，比较级属低档题，比较简单，考查范围大体有
1）比较级形式的判断
比较级考题在设计干扰项时一般都会有比较与非比较的选择，more than 与as/so ...as的选择。如上面的③，⑤。
2）比较级的修饰语
比较级的修饰语包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。
结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前，如①，②和④。
修饰语的选用根据其所表达的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。
3）比较级结构与其它结构的区别
如⑧中形容词修饰语more than a month与比较级结构的区别，⑨中most 与the most的区别。
3． 比较级应对策略
1）如果选项中有比较级结构，则该题则为比较级考查题，可根据比较级使用规则选择正确答案。
2）比较级修饰语应注意more than 或as...as结构之前。
3）注意比较结构的完整性，要么是more than 结构，要么是as/so ...as 结构，或是the more ...., the more ....的句型。
4）注意结构的各种变体：
结构内出现名词时的结构可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little ...as。
5）如果有比较 对象的选择应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。如：
His English is better than anyone else's in his class.
三、 情态动词
1. Test Yourself
首先让我们分析以下近几年情态动词的考题：
1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1)
A .would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to
2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1)
A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done
3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you____ it.(1998.6)
A. mustn't have done B. wouldn't have done C. mightn't have done D. didn't have to do
4) If you don't like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1)
A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well
5) You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.(2000.6)
A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following
6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(19996.1)
A. needn't have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can't have seen
7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6)
A. can't have been B. shouldn't have been C. mustn't have been D. wouldn't have been
参考答案
1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A
2．情态动词的测试要点
从以上例题可以看出，四级语法对情态动词的测试大体有以下几点。
1）情态动词的基本用法，如①④⑤。
2）情态动词 + 动词的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。
3）情态动词的推测性用法⑦。
3． 情态动词的应对策略
情态动词的使用主要根据其所表达的含义。解题时注意以下几点：
1）情态动词自身结构要正确
结构包括情态动词自身的搭配和其后的连带成分。除ought外情态动词后接原形动词，测试中常将不同结构的动词置于一起设干扰项，如①。四个选项都与请求有关，但would you mind后接动名词，一般说would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用原形动词，答案是would you please?
2）注意情态动词推测性用法中各个情态动词使用的句型是否与题干句型一致。
在情态动词的推测性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为：
must只用于肯定句中。
can/could不能用语肯定句中。
may/might不能用语疑问句中。
另外还应注意can't表示"不可能"，may not表示"可能不"。
考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must, can't用而不是may, may not。如：
He can't have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person.
Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.
3） 注意推测性用法中谓语动词发生的时间。
如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后则用完成形式。
There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.
如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。
They must be talking about something very secret.
如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用原形动词
He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.
如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用原形动词，这时，情态动词只能是may/might。
There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.
4） 注意"情态动词+动词的完成形式"所表达的意思与题干意思是否相符。
其它"情态动词+ 动词的完成形式"并不表示推测，而分别表示：
could have done本来能够
He didn't take part in the competition, he _______ though.
A. won B. didn't win C. could win D. could have won
needn't have done 本来没不要
You ________. There was plenty of time.
A. needn't hurry B. can't hurry C. mustn't have hurried D. needn't have hurried
should/ought to have done 本来应该
You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you.
A. should tell me B. should have told C. need to tell D. needn't have told
shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本来不应该
You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow (2000.6)
C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following
might have done 本来应该（用来表示一种责备）
You ______ even though you were busy at that time.
A. might help him B. must have helped him C. might have helped him D. should help him
这类题在设计干扰项时，一般都会有情态动词推测性用法的涉及，同学们应注意分词上下文的逻辑和语意关系。
5） 注意常用情态动词的基本句法和表意功能
其它常用动词的用法，如shall表示"命令"、"威胁"、"许诺"或征求许可，may/might as well等，同学们都应多多注意其用法。
四、 倒装
倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的分量不大，考试都有哪些特点，如何应对，首先让我们一起来看一下近几年的考题。
1．Test Yourself.
1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the importance of it.(19995.1)
A. if only I could not B. no more than I could C. or I could not D. nor could I
2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6)
A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived
3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted responsibly.(19996.1)
A. neither B. so C. either D. both
4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.(1999.6)
A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use
5) Only under special circumstances_____to take make-up tests.(1997.6)
A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen
参考答案：
1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) A
2．倒装测试范围和应对策略
倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装，但从近几年的测试来看，重点是部分倒装。对于倒装句型同学们所应注意的就是在哪些情况下需要倒装，并且如何倒装。注意下面常见的倒装条件。
1） 含有否定意味的词置于句首，主谓倒装。
同学们应注意常用否定词语，如：hardly, barely, not, seldom, little, few, nowhere, never, at no time, by no means, in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, not until, not only... but also.., neither ... nor...等。如果是在从句的句首，则从句倒装，如4）题。
2） only + 状语置于句首，主谓倒装。
Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。如：
Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.
3） Neither/So置于句首倒装，表示"也/也不......"，如上面的2）3）题。
4） There/here/then或做状语的地点副词和地点介词短语置于句首，要全部倒装。如：
There stands a monument in the center of the square.
Down came a light form the ceiling when he was walking across the floor.
On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.
5） 现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成"分词+ be + 主语+其它+的倒装句式。如：
Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.
Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find, radium.
6） so/such.... that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。如：
So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.
Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.
五 虚拟语气
一．应试策略
虚拟语气可以说是四级考试中No.2重要的语法项，在每年的考试中都有两题以上，考查的重中之重是错综时间类型、含蓄条件类型、意愿类型和几个特殊的句型。
虚拟语气题的特点是：四个选项可能是过去时、过去完成时、动词原形，再加上一个其它的干扰项，如进行时（将考生的注意力引向时态）、分词或不定式（将考生的注意力引向非谓语动词）等。做题时要善于发现线索。
二. 基本概念
虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况，大致分为以下几种：
（一）、 含有非真实条件的虚拟语气
a. 普通非真实条件句的虚拟语气的形式 ---这是最基本的虚拟语气了
时态
从句时态
主句时态
例句
现在
过去式
would/should/might/could+动词原形
If I were free today, I would go shopping with you.
过去
had+过去分词
would/should/might/could+have +过去分词
If I had been free yesterday, I would have gone shopping with you.
将来
should/were to
would/should/might/could+动词原形
If I were to be free tomorrow, I might go shopping with you.
注意: 1. 在正式用法中，从句中第一/三人称的过去式不用was，而要用were。
例如：If I were invited, I would come.
If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.
2. 条件句中如if，要用倒装用型。（关于更多关于倒装的问题，请见第四讲倒装）
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.
Could I do it, I would surely do it.
Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）
b. 错综时间的条件句
难点。如99年1月第60题: If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn't be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）
又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn't got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；
If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)
c. 省略条件句的含蓄条件句
如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);
A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)
d. 介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件
例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。
But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。
e."Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语"或"But that+从句"表示假设条件。
例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldn't have got over the difficulties.
Had it not been for the reservoir, we'd never have been able to beat the drought.
But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it.
（二）、 含有意愿成份的虚拟语气
这类虚拟语气中要用shoud+动词原形的结构，但在考试中几乎100%省略should。
理解和答好这类试题更多的是要靠头脑，去分析这个句子是否表达的是一种意愿（命令、要求、建议）。a. 由表达意愿的动词带起的宾语从句
这类虚拟语气在四级中几乎是不考的，但是理解后面几种情况的基础。这种词很多，主语是以人为主体的名词或代词，大家主要是分析它们表达的意愿语气。常见的有：
表建议：advice, suggest, recommend, propose, hint
表要求：request, require, ask, urge
表命令：order, demand, direct, command
其它： insist
需要特别注意的是，suggest并不永远带起虚拟语气，它在表示indicate（表明）的意思时（此时它的主语多是物，但也不一定），后面的从句要用直接陈述的语气，如：
The recent movement of the army suggests that they will launch an attack. 军队的最近调动表明他们将要发起进攻了。
b. 上述动词的名词带起的同位语从句或表语从句
例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句)邀请他的建议被否决了。
Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句)他们的要求是工资增加20%。
c. 两种类型的主语从句
其结构通常为"It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）"，这里可分为三种情况：
1. 表语是上述动词的过去分词。这相当于把宾语从句倒过来作主语从句，不再赘述；
It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。
2. 表语是上述动词的同根形容词，常见的有advisable, desirable和demanding
3. 表语是一些表示情态的形容词，表面上与那些动词无关，但实际表达的是一种意愿。如：
It is essential that we should take immediate actions. 我们得马上采取行动。（我们马上采取行动是至关重要的）
这类题较为隐蔽，错误比例很高，要注意分析。下面列出一些常用的，供大家参考：
appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要的)，desirable（理想的）, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）等。
d. 一些形容词的宾语从句
出现在主系表结构中，主语是人，表语是几个能表达意愿的形容词。如：
We are anxious that the goods should be delivered on time.
They are quite eager that we should give them a prompt answer.
（三）、几个特殊的虚拟语气句型
1. it be (...) time that ... 表示"到......的时间了"；如：It is high time that you went to bed.
2. would rather/sooner that ... 表示"我宁可......"如： I'd rather that we had no English exams.
上面两个句型中的that从句中的动词都要用过去式。
3. 在正式用法中，由lest/for fear that/in case引导的从句中，要用should（可省略）+动词原形的结构。
They took their guns with them lest they should run into animals.
三. 近年四级考试中的虚拟语气试题
1. "You are very selfish. It's high time you ______ that you are not the most important person in the world," Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99/1/57)
A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize
2. If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _______ now. (99/1/60)
A) wouldn't be smiling B) couldn't have smiled C) won't smile D) didn't smile
3. Frankly speaking, I'd rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. (99/1/66)
A) didn't do B) haven't done C) don't do D) have done
4. If the whole operation ______ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43)
A) was not planned B) has not been C) were not planned D) had not been planned
5. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures ______for our defense. (99/6/62)
A) be taken B) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken
6. Wouldn't you rather your child ______ to bed early? (00/1/49)
A) went B) goes C) go D) would go
7. Mike's uncle insists ______ in this hotel. (00/1/52)
A) that he not stay B) staying not C) that he would not stay D) not to stay
8. Sometimes I wish I_____ in a different time and a different place. (00/1/58)
A) were living B) would live C) would have lived D) be living
9. It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible. (00/1/64)
A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are sent
10. The suggestion that the mayor ______ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00/6/32)
A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present
11. The manager would rather his daughter ______ in the same office. (00/6/48)
A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work
12. It is important that the hotel receptionist ______ that guests are registered correctly. (01/1/41)
A) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure
13.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______ all practical value by the time they were finished. (01/6/53)
A) had lost B) would lose C) would have lost D) should have lost
14. Jack wishes that he ______ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6/50)
A) had studied B) study C) studied D) had been studying
15. The article suggests that when a person ______ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. (02/1/57)
A) be B) was C) is D) were
16. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee ______ to investigate the incident. (02/1/58)
A) was set up B) were set up C) set up D) be set up
17. Things might have been much worse if the mother ______ on right to keep the baby. （02/1/59）
A) had insisted B) has been insisting C) insisted D) would insist
18.Who would you rather ________ with you, George or me? (02/6/55)
A) going B) to go C) have gone D) went
19. It is high time that such practices _________.(02/12/58)
A) are ended B) be ended C) were ended D) must be ended
20. He said that the driver must have had an accident; otherwise he _______by then. (02/12/58)
A) would have arrived B) must have arrived C) should arrive D)would arrive
21. While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they __________ by wild animals. (02/12/38)
A) should be attacked B) had been attacked C) must be attacked D) would be attacked
22. If I _________ harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. (02/12/35)
A) worked B) were to work C) had worked D) were working
23．_________ the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.(03/6/42)
A) But for B)In case of C)In spite of D)Because of
24.The police man declared that the blow on the victim's head from behind.(03/9/48)
A) must have been made B)would have been made C)ought to have been made D)should have been made
英语四六级作文基本句式
以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people's living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例如：
Books are like friends．They ca n help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
3．表示坏处
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．
2）It does us much harm．
3）It is harmfulto us．
例如：
However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．
4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．
2）We think it necessary to do sth．
3）It plays an important role in our life．
例如：
Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．
5．表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures．
2）We should try our best to overcome（con quer）the difficulties．
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．
例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．
6．表示变化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world's communications．
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．
例如：
Some changes have taken place in people's diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
7．表示事实、现状
1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．
2）No one can deny the fact that．．．
3）There is no denying the fact that．．．
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．
5）However，that's not the case．
例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
8．表示比较
1）Compared with A，B．．．
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．
3）There is a striking contrast between them．
例如：
Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people's health by giving them due physical exercise．
9．表示数量
1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．
例如：
With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people's income spent on food has dec reased while that spent on education has increased．
再如：
From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．
注："From the graph listed above，it can be seen that"见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET －4、6短文写作的第一段。
10．表示看法
1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．
2）People have different opinions on this problem．
3）People take different views of（on）the question．
4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．
例如：
People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．
再如：
Do lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．
注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
11．表示结论
1）In short，it can be said that．．．
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．
3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．
例如：
From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．
注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。
12．套语
1）It's well known to us that ．．．
2）As is known to us，．．．
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．
4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．
5）As aproverb says，"Where there is a will，there is a way．
例如：
As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．
The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an"ivory tower．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．
再如：
Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
Proverbs
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
Nothing is too difficult, if you put your heart into it.
世上无难事，只怕有心人。
As every thread of gold is valuable, so every moment of time.
一寸光阴一寸金。
All things in their being are good for something.
天生我才必有用。
There is nothing permanent except change.
唯有变化才是永恒的。
A crooked stick will have a crooked shadow. 身不正，影必斜。
Wisdom is to the mind what health is to the body.
知识之于心灵正如健康之于身体。
A word once spoken cannot be taken back even by a team of four horses. 一言既出，驷马难追。
Very often a change of self is needed more than a change of scene. 改变自己往往比改变环境更为需要。
A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.
只要一个人还有所追求，他就没有老。直到后悔取代了梦想，一个人才算老。
Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow.
今日一只蛋，胜过明天一只鸡。
There is no friend so faithful as a good book.
最忠实的朋友莫过于一本好书。
Brevity is the soul of wit. 言贵简。
Deliberate slowly, execute promptly. 谋虑要慢，行动要快。
Friendship cannot stand always on one side.
友谊是双方的事。
One tree does not make a forest. 独木不成林。
Barking dogs don't bite. 吠狗不咬人。
What is done by night appears by day. 若要人不知，除非已莫为。
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。
Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天。
Running water does not get stale; a door-hinge is never worm-eaten. 流水不腐，户枢不蠹。
Sweep before your own door. 正人先正已。
Read Aloud
I will persist until I succeed.
In the Orient young bulls are tested for the fight arena in a certain manner. Each is brought to the ring and allowed to attack a picador who pricks them with a lance. The bravery of each bull is then rated with care according to the number of times he demonstrates his willingness to charge in spite of the sting of the blade. Henceforth will I recognize that each day I am tested by life in like manner. If I persist, if I continue to try, if I continue to charge forward, I will succeed.
I will persist until I succeed.
I was not delivered unto this world in defeat, nor does failure course in my veins. I am not a sheep waiting to be prodded by my shepherd. I am a lion and I refuse to talk, to walk, to sleep with the sheep. I will hear not those who weep and complain, for their disease is contagious. Let them join the sheep. The slaughterhouse of failure is not my destiny.
I will persist until I succeed.
坚持不懈．直到成功。
在古老的东方，挑选小公牛列竞技场格斗有一定的程序、它们被带进场地，向手持长矛的斗牛士攻击，裁判以它受激后再向斗牛士进攻的次数多寡来评定这只公牛的勇敢程度。从今往后．我须承认，我的生命每天都在接受类似的考验.如果我坚韧不拔，勇往直前，迎接挑战．那么我一定会成功。
坚持不懈．直到成功。
我不是为了失败才来到这个世界上的，我的血管里也没有失败的血液在流动。我不是任人鞭打的羔羊，我是猛狮，不与羊群为伍。我不想听失意者的哭泣，抱怨者的牢骚，这是羊群中的瘟疫，我不能被它传染。失败者的屠宰场不是我命运的归宿。
坚持不懈，直到成功。
The prizes of life are at the end of each journey, not near the beginning; and it is not given to me to know how many steps are necessary in order to reach my goal. Failure I may still encounter at the thousandth step, yet success hides behind the next bend in the road. Never will I know how close it lies unless I turn the corner.
Always will I take another step. If that is of no avail I will take another, and yet another. In truth, one step at a time is not too difficult.
I will persist until I succeed.
Henceforth, I will consider each day's effort as but one blow of my blade against a mighty oak. The first blow may cause not a tremor in the wood, nor the second, nor the third. Each blow, of itself, may be trifling, and seem of no consequence. Yet from childish swipes the oak will eventually tumble. So it will be with my efforts of today.
I will be liken to the raindrop which washes away the mountain; the ant who devours a tiger; the star which brightens the earth; the slave who builds a pyramid. I will build my castle one brick at a time for I know that small attempts, repeated, will complete any undertaking.
..... 坚持不懈，直到成功。从今往后，我承认每天的奋斗就像对参天大树的一次砍击,头几刀可能了无痕迹。每一击者似微不足道，然而，累积起来，巨树终会倒下．这恰如我今天的努力。 就像冲洗高山的雨滴，吞噬猛虎的蚂蚁，照亮大地的星辰，建起金字塔的奴隶，我也要一砖一瓦地建造起自己的城堡，因为我深知水滴石穿的道理，只要持之以恒，什么都可以做到．
四六级语法题考点经典总结
|
收藏
推荐
评论(0条)
